Systematic Literature Review Berbasis PRISMA: Integrasi Capaian KPI, Critical Incident Technique, dan 360-Degree Feedback dalam Penilaian Kinerja Karyawan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64365/muanomi.v2i3.486Keywords:
Penilaian, Kinerja, Teknik, Insiden, KritisAbstract
Penilaian kinerja karyawan merupakan salah satu praktik penting dalam manajemen sumber daya manusia karena hasilnya memengaruhi pengembangan kompetensi, promosi, kompensasi, suksesi, dan pengambilan keputusan organisasi. Namun, sistem penilaian kinerja sering menghadapi persoalan subjektivitas, bias penilai, keterbatasan indikator, serta lemahnya keterkaitan antara hasil kerja, perilaku, dan bukti kontekstual. Artikel ini menyajikan systematic literature review mengenai model penilaian kinerja yang berkaitan dengan integrasi capaian Key Performance Indicator (KPI), Critical Incident Technique (CIT), dan 360-degree feedback. Kajian disusun dengan mengacu pada prinsip PRISMA 2020. Sebanyak 31 dokumen PDF diidentifikasi dari korpus yang diberikan, empat dokumen duplikat dihapus, dan 27 artikel unik disaring. Satu artikel klasik tentang CIT tahun 1954 digunakan sebagai dasar konseptual, tetapi tidak dimasukkan dalam sintesis utama karena berada di luar rentang 2019-2025. Dengan demikian, sintesis tematik dilakukan terhadap 26 studi utama. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa KPI dan balanced scorecard kuat dalam mengukur pencapaian sasaran strategis; 360-degree feedback memperkaya bukti perilaku melalui penilaian multisumber; CIT memberikan data insiden yang konkret dan kontekstual; sedangkan HR analytics dan sistem pendukung keputusan membantu integrasi, visualisasi, dan kalibrasi hasil penilaian. Meskipun demikian, literatur masih terfragmentasi karena sebagian besar studi hanya menonjolkan satu pendekatan. Artikel ini mengusulkan model penilaian kinerja terintegrasi KPI-CIT-360 yang menggabungkan capaian hasil, perilaku kerja, dan bukti insiden kritis melalui pembobotan, kalibrasi kualitas bukti, dan jalur keputusan SDM yang transparan.
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